Welcome to "The Weather Center," a service of Aviation Weather, Inc.

GLOSSARY OF WEATHER TERMS:

Have you ever wondered what the difference is between rain, showers and drizzle?

Many people believe that meteorologists use these terms indiscriminately, assuming that if it "rains" or if there is a "chance of showers," it's time to get out the umbrella.

In fact, these terms have their own specific meanings.

A better understanding of weather terminology will help with planning outdoor activities throughout the year.

To that end, a glossary of all the weather terms used in the current conditions and forecasts has been prepared, so that you can get the most out of your forecasts and then some.

For complete 'A-Z' glossary of weather (meteorological) terms, visit our Online Store.

The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

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Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Absolute Humidity"
A mass of water vapor in a given volume of air.

"Acre Foot"
The amount of water needed to cover one acre under a foot of water.

"Adiabatic Process"
This is the process by which fixed relation- ships are maintained during changes in temperature, volume, and pressure in a body of air, without heat being added or removed. The change in air temperature caused by pressure changes as air rises or sinks.

"Advection"
Horizontal movement of any meteorological property, such as warmth or humidity.

"Advection Fog"
A type of fog caused by the movement of moist air over a cold surface, and the consequent cooling of that air to below its dew point. Sea fog is one type of advection fog that involves moist air in transport over a cold body of water.

"Aeronomy"
The science of the physics and chemistry of upper atmospheres of planets, including earth.

"A Few Clouds"
Scattered clouds, with clear skies dominant. Cloud cover between 1/8 and 2/8.

"Ageostrophic Flows"
Air flows that move across isobars or height contours at an angle toward either high or low pressure.

"Air Mass"
In meteorology, an extensive body of air within which the conditions of temperature and moisture in a horizontal plane are essentially uniform.

"Altimeter"
A special type of aneroid barometer used in airplanes to measure altitude.

"Altitude, Density"
The altitude in the standard atmosphere at which the air has the same density as the air at the point of question. An aircraft will have the same performance characteristics as it would have in a standard atmosphere at this altitude.

"Altitude, Pressure"
The altitude in the standard atmosphere at which the pressure is the same as at the point if question. Since an altimeter operates solely on pressure, this is the uncorrected altitude indicated by an altimeter set at standard sea level pressure of 29.92 inches or 1013 millibars.

"A Mix of Sun and Clouds" At times there will be more clouds than sun, and at other times there will be more sun than clouds. Cloud cover between 3/8 and 7/8.

"Anemometer"
An instrument for measuring wind speed.

"Aneroid"
Not using liquid. An aneroid barometer has a needle connected to the top of a small box that has had some of its air taken out. A change in air pressure moves the box lid up and down, and this moves the needle. The air pressure can be read from the needle’s position on a scale.

"Aneroid Barometer"
A device to measure air pressure that uses an aneroid, which is sealed, flexible metal bellows with some air removed that expands and contracts with air pressure changes.

"Antarctic Circle"
Latitude 66 degrees, 32 minutes south. Area to the south is the Antarctic.

"Anticyclone"
An area of high pressure. The winds of an anticyclone blow in a spiral outward from the center.

"ASOS"
Automated Surface Observation System. A suite of weather instruments that automatically report certain weather conditions, such as sky cover, temperature, and wind.

"Atmosphere"
The layer of gases, or air, that surrounds the earth. The atmosphere is made up mostly of the gases nitrogen and oxygen.

"Atmospheric Pressure" Also called barometric pressure. The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational attraction exerted upon the "column" of air lying directly above the point in question.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Back-Door Cold Front" A cold front that moves from the northeast, instead of the more usual northwest or north, in the eastern United States.

"Barograph"
A device for recording air pressure.

"Barometer"
A device used for measuring air pressure.

"Barometric Pressure"
The pressure exerted by the weight of the column of air above a given point, expressed in pounds per square inch, inches of mercury, millibars, or kilopascals.

"Beaufort Wind Scale"
Scale used to classify wind speed, devised in 1805 by British Admiral Francis Beaufort to classify winds at sea.

"Biosphere"
The Earth’s living things.

"Blizzard"
Snow falling with winds faster than 35 mph and visibility of one-quarter mile or less over an extended time period.

"Blizzard Conditions"
A storm with an air temperature below -1 F(-18 C), with snowfall resulting in significant accumulations, and strong winds. The winds will produce severe wind chill values, blowing snow and whiteouts. Visibility will be severely reduced and roadways can be slippery, resulting in very dangerous driving conditions. Stay home.

"Blowing Snow" Created when high winds lift snow from the surface and blow it to heights of 6 feet (2 meters) or more. No snow will be falling, but visibility may be severely reduced and roadways can be slippery.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Calcium Magnesium Acetate"
A chemical compound used used to melt ice.

"Carbon Dioxide"
A colorless, odorless gas given out by animals when they breath. This gas is taken in by plants, which give out oxygen.

"Ceilometer"
A cloud height measuring system. It projects light on the cloud, detects the reflection by a photoelectric cell, and determines eight by triangulation.

"Celsius Temperature Scale"
Abbreviated C. A temperature scale with zero degrees as the melting point of pure ice and 100 degrees as the boiling point of pure water at standard sea level atmospheric pressure.

"Chaos Theory"
The theory that some systems, such as weather, are ultimately unpredictable because of the effects of small-scale events that can’t be included in the prediction equations.

"Chinook"
A warm, dry foehn wind blowing down the eastern slopes the Rocky Mountains over the adjacent plains in the United States and Canada.

"Chinook Effect"
The temperature response to down slope winds. Most often used in the context of the Rocky Mountains, Chinook effects can increase surface temperatures by 20 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit in as little as 15 minutes. The temperature increase is the result of subsiding air, which heats up and lowers humidities as it flows down the leeward slopes of a prominent mountain or ridge.

"Chlorofluorocarbons"
Also known as CFC’s. Man-made substance used as coolant and computer-chip cleaner, which have been shown to destroy stratospheric ozone when they break down.

"Chromosphere"
A thin layer of gas on the sun’s surface.

"Cirrocumulus"
A cirriform cloud appearing as a thin sheet of small white puffs resembling flakes or patches of cotton without shadows; sometimes confused with altocumulus.

"Cirrostratus"
A cirriform cloud appearing as a whitish veil, usually fibrous, sometimes smooth; often produces halo phenomena; may totally cover the sky.

"Cirrus"
A cirriform cloud in the form of thin, white feather-like clouds in patches or narrow bands; have a fibrous and/or silky sheen; large ice crystals often trail downward a considerable vertical distance in fibrous, slanted, or irregularly curved wisps called mares’ tails.

"Clear Air Turbulence"
Abbreviated CAT. Turbulence encountered in air where no clouds are present; more popularly applied to high level turbulence associated with wind shear.

"Clear"
Skies will be almost totally clear, perhaps with a few small light clouds visible. Cloud cover will be between 0 and 1/10. Clear is the nighttime term equivalent to "Sunny".

"Clearing"
Most of the sky will be covered in clouds, but you will see more and more sunshine throughout the forecast period. It will take only a portion of the period for the sky to become less than half covered in clouds.

"Clear with Cloudy Periods"
The nighttime equivalent of "Sunny with Cloudy Periods".

"Climate"
An established, distinct pattern of weather conditions that exists in a place over a period of many years; Average weather over a long time period, usually 30 years.

"Climate Model"
Mathematical model containing equations that describe climatic interactions.

"Cloud"
Moisture in the air that has condensed onto particles of dust or smoke.

"Cloud Seeding"
The use of silver iodide, dry ice or other substances to enhance precipitation.

"Clouding Over"
Skies will be mostly clear, but more and more cloud cover will develop throughout the forecast period. The sky will become completely overcast before the end of the forecast period.

"Cloudy"
No sunshine visible. Cloud cover will be 5/8 or more.

"Cloudy with Clear Breaks"
The nighttime equivalent of "Cloudy with Sunny Breaks".

"Cloudy with Drizzle"
The sky will be overcast and a heavy mist or very light continuous rain is expected to fall. Your slow pulse wipers will be too fast in clearing the windshield.

"Cloudy with Flurries"
The cloud cover will be as described for "Cloudy", and the precipitation light. The flurries will be short-lived and intermittent, and will not amount to any significant accumulation on the ground. Visibility will be reduced, but roadways will not generally be slippery.

"Cloudy with Freezing Drizzle"
Similar to freezing rain, but the size of the supercooled rain drops will be less than .02 inch diameter (0.5 mm). The effects will be the same as for "Freezing Rain", but the buildup of ice will be slower.

"Cloudy with Freezing Rain"
The sky condition will be as described above, with precipitation consisting of supercooled liquid rain drops that instantly freeze on contact. Visibility will generally be good, but roadways will be extremely slippery and dangerous. Freezing rain will create a layer of ice on bare surfaces and existing snow.

"Cloudy with Isolated Flurries"
The cloud cover will be as described for "Cloudy", and the precipitation very light. The flurries will be brief and intermittent, and will not amount to any significant accumulation on the ground. Visibility will be reduced, but roadways will not generally be slippery.

"Cloudy with Light Rain"
The sky will be overcast and the precipitation will be strong enough to get things wet in a short time. The rain will interfere with outdoor activities. Puddles will form quickly and water may run down the expressways, causing slippery road conditions. Precipitation will persist throughout the forecast period.

"Cloudy with Light Snow"
The cloud cover will be as described for "Cloudy", the precipitation light. The snow will be continuous but will not usually amount to any significant accumulations for the forecast period. Visibility will be reduced and roadways can be slippery, depending on the duration of the snow.

"Cloudy with Periods of Rain"
The sky will be overcast and the precipitation strong enough to get things wet in a short time, but the rain may also stop for a short period of time. The rain will interfere with outdoor activities. The ground will get wet, puddles will form, but the precipitation will be expected to cease for short periods of time over the forecast period.

"Cloudy with Rain or Snow Showers"
The type of precipitation expected to fall can either be rain or snow throughout the forecast period. The precipitation starts and stops. No significant accumulations are expected. If the precipitation falls as snow, visibility will be reduced and roadways can become slippery.

"Cloudy with Scattered Thundershowers"
The sky will be cloudy, with some showers or light rain possible; thunder and lightning will be associated with the precipitation. The showers or rain may be heavy for short periods of time.

"Cloudy with Showers"
The sky will be overcast and the strength of the precipitation will be light. The showers will be intermittent, and will generally interfere with outdoor activities. The ground will get wet.

"Cloudy with Sunny Breaks"
A least half covered in clouds, but not totally cloudy. Cloud cover will be between 5/8 to 7/8.

"Cloudy with Thundershowers"
The sky will become cloudy with a few showers or light rain possible; thunder and lightning will be associated with the precipitation. The showers or rain may be heavy for extended periods of time.

"Cloudy with Thunderstorms"
The sky will be cloudy, with showers or light rain possible; thunder and lightning will be associated with the precipitation. The showers or rain will be heavy for extended periods of time.

"Cloudy with Wet Flurries"
The sky condition will be as for "Cloudy", with intermittent precipitation. The snow will be partially melted before reaching the ground, and will accumulate as a light dusting of wet sticky snow if it does not melt instantly on contact. Visibility will be reduced, but roadways will generally not get slippery.

"Coastal Fog"
Fog will be expected to form near the shore line, and may cause reduced visibility on roadways near the shore.

"Cold Air Damming"
A situation in the atlantic piedmont and coastal plain where low-level cold air is shunted southwards, ahead of an approaching cold front. High pressure to the northeast of the advancing cold front is necessary to help provide the mechanism for advecting the cold air to the south. The low-level cold air dams up against the Appalachians, hence the term. It is an event common to the fall and winter months.

"Cold Front"
A warm-cold air boundary with the cold air advancing.

"Condense"
To change from a gas or vapor to a liquid. An example is when steam condenses into water.

"Condensation"
The change of a vapor to a liquid.

"Condensation Nuclei"
Small particles in the air that attract water, and encourage condensation.

"Conduction"
Transfer of heat within a substance or from one substance to another by molecular action.

"Constant Pressure Chart"
A chart of a constant pressure surface; may contain analyses of height, wind, temperature, humidity, and/or other elements.

"Continental Air Mass"
An air mass that forms over land, making it generally dry. It may be warm or cold.

"Contour"
In meteorology, (1) a line of equal height on a constant pressure chart; analogous to contours on a relief map; (2) in radar meteorology, a line on a radar scope of equal echo intensity.

"Convection"
Transfer of heat by the movement of the heated material. In meteorology, the up and down air motions caused by heat.

"Convective Storms"
Storms created by rising warm air; such as thunderstorms.

"Convergence"
The condition that exists when the distribution of winds within a given area is such that there is a net horizontal inflow of air into the area. In convergence at lower levels, the removal of the resulting excess is accomplished by an upward movement of air; consequently, areas of low-level convergent winds are regions favorable to the occurrence of clouds and precipitation.

"Coriolis Effect"
The apparent curving motion of anything, such as wind caused by the Earth’s rotation, first described in 1835 by French scientist Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis.

"Corona"
One layer of the sun’s atmosphere. Also a circle of light around the sun or moon caused by clouds.

"Cutoff Low"
An area of an upper atmosphere low pressure that is cut off from the general west-to-east wind flow.

"Cryosphere"
The Earth’s ice.

"Cumulonimbus"
A cumuliform cloud type; it is heavy and dense, with considerable vertical extent in the form of massive towers; often with tops in the shape of an anvil or massive plume; under the base of cumulonimbus, which often is very dark, there frequently exists virga, precipitation and low ragged clouds (scud), either merged with it or not; frequently accompanied by lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail; occasionally produces a tornado or a waterspout; the ultimate manifestation of the growth of a cumulus cloud, occasionally extending well into the atmosphere.

"Cumulonimbus Mamma"
A cumulonimbus cloud having hanging protuberances, like pouches, festoons, or udders, on the under side of the cloud; usually indicative of severe turbulence.

"Cumulus"
A cloud in the form of individual detached domes or towers which are usually dense and well defined; develops vertically in the form of rising mounds of which the bulging upper part often resembles a cauliflower; the sunlit parts of these clouds are mostly brilliant white; their bases are relatively dark and nearly horizontal.

"Cyclogenesis"
Any development or strengthening of cyclonic (counterclockwise, in the northern hemisphere) circulation in the atmosphere. It is applied to the development of cyclonic circulation where it previously did not exist (commonly, the initial appearance of a low or trough).

"Cyclone"
An area of low-atmospheric-pressure with winds blowing around it, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Depression"
An area of low atmospheric pressure. It is another name for a cyclone.

"Derechoes"
Wind storms created by thunderstorms during which winds blow in straight lines.

"Dew"
Water droplets formed by condensation of water vapor; Moisture condensation that collects on unprotected objects outdoors when the air has cooled below its saturation point.

"Dew Point"
The temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure and humidity for condensation (dew) to occur, expressed in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius.

"Diamond Dust"
Tiny ice crystals that float in the air creating pillars of light.

"Diurnal"
Daily, recurrent variations in meteorological variables. Some diurnal variations at the Earth’s surface includes (1) Temperature maximums near or after local noon, and temperatures minimums just before sunrise; (2) relative humidity and fog minimums in late afternoon, and maximum near sunrise; (3) Increase of winds during day, and decrease of winds at night.

"Divergence"
The condition that exists when the distribution of winds within a given area is such that there is a net horizontal flow of air outward from the region. In divergence at lower levels, the resulting deficit is compensated for by subsidence of air from aloft; consequently the air is heated and the relative humidity lowered making divergence a warming and drying process. Low-level divergent regions are areas unfavorable to the occurrence of clouds and precipitation. The opposite of convergence.

"Doppler Radar"
Radar that measures speed and direction of a moving object such as wind.

"Downburst"
Wind blasting down from a thunderstorm or shower. A strong downdraft which induces an outburst of damaging winds on or near the ground. The sizes of downbursts vary from one-half mile or less to more than ten miles.

"Drifting Snow"
Created when winds lift snow from the surface and blow it to heights less than 6 feet(2 meters). No additional snow will be falling and visibility will not generally be reduced, but roadways can still get slippery.

"Drizzle"
Heavy mist or light, fine, continuous rain that will fall slowly, reducing visibility somewhat more than light rain. Water droplets will be less than .02 inch diameter (0.2mm and 0.5mm) in size. Drizzle can often be confused with light rain, however drizzle's water droplets will be smaller in size than those of rain.

"Drought"
Abnormal dryness for a particular region.

"Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate"
Rate at which rising air cools or sinking air warms when no water phase changes are occurring; in both cases 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit per 1,000 feet.

"Dry Line"
A boundary between ‘warm, dry air’ and ‘warm, humid air’ along which thunderstorms form, often found on the southern plains.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Echo"
In radar, (1) the energy reflected or scattered by a target; (2) the radar scope presentation of the return from a target.

"Eddy"
A local irregularity of wind in a larger scale wind flow. Small scale eddies produces turbulent conditions.

"Electromagnetic Radiation"
Energy that moves in the form of disturbances in electrical and magnetic fields. Light and radio waves are examples.

"El Nino"
Linked ocean and atmospheric events, which have world-wide effects, characterized by warming of water in the tropical Pacific from around the International Date Line to the coast of Peru.

"Evaporation"
The change from a liquid or a solid to a vapor or gas.

"Equinox"
Times when the sun crosses the equator. The spring or vernal equinox occurs around March 21. The autumn's equinox is around September 21.

"Extratropical Cyclone"
A large scale weather system that forms outside the tropics with a low-pressure center.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Flash Flood"
Flooding with a rapid water rise.

"Flurries"
Intermittently falling snow, generally short-lived. Flurries are the solid equivalent of "Rain Showers".

"Foehn"
A warm, dry down slope wind; the warmness and dryness being due to adiabatic compression upon descent; characteristic of mountainous regions. A warm, dry wind that blows down out of the mountain slopes in winter and early spring.

"Fog"
A cloud with its base at the Earth's surface. Visibility is reduced to less than 5/8 statue mile (1 km). Clouds that form at ground level.

"Foggy"
Fog is expected to form throughout the countryside, causing reduced visibility over large areas. The fog will generally be slow in breaking up, and may eventually result in a mixture of sun and clouds as the fog lifts and breaks up. Foggy conditions may be forecast after rain or showers overnight and into the early morning hours.

"Fog Patches"
Some fog is expected to form, but will generally be restricted to low lying areas. It may cause reduced visibility if encountered. Fog patches generally break up through the first part of the morning if they form overnight. They may be forecast after rain or showers at any time of the day, but generally fog occurs late at night or in the early morning hours.

"Freezing"
The phase change of water from liquid to solid.

"Freezing Drizzle"
Very fine supercooled liquid rain drops with a diameter of less than .02 inches in diameter (0.5mm).

"Freezing Level"
A level in the atmosphere at which the temperature is 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

"Freezing Nuclei"
Small particles in the air that encourage the formation of ice.

"Freezing Rain"
Supercooled liquid rain drops that freeze on contact with the ground. Freezing rain will form a layer of ice on any surface instantly.

"Front"
Boundary between air masses of different densities, and usually different temperatures.

"Frontal Zone"
A front or zone with a marked increase of density gradient; used to denote that fronts are not truly a "surface" of discontinuity but rather a "zone" of rapid transition of meteorological elements.

"Frost"
Water vapor that has turned to ice on an object.

"Fujita Scale"
Wind damage scale created by Theodore Fujita.

"Funnel Cloud"
A rotating column of air extending from a cloud, but not reaching the ground.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Glaze"
A coat of smooth ice created when supercooled drops of water spread out before freezing.

"Glory"
Colored rings around an object’s shadow.

"GOES Satellite"
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. It is a U.S. weather satellite. These satellites orbit at altitudes of approximately 23,300 statute miles. At this height, the satellites orbit with the earth’s rotation, and therefore give continuous, overlapping coverage of the cloud cover, surface temperatures, and vertical distributions of the atmospheric temperatures and humidities below. There are two such satellites - GOES East, centered over the equator at 75 degrees west longitude, and GOES West, centered at 135 degrees west. "GOES East" covers the Atlantic Ocean; "GOES West" covers the Pacific. Both cover large portions of eastern and western North and South America. GOES satellites provide visible, infrared, and water vapor imagery.

"Gradient"
In meteorology, a horizontal decrease in value per unit distance of a parameter in the direction of maximum decrease; most commonly used with pressure, temperature, and moisture.

"Gradual Clearing"
Most of the sky will be covered in clouds, but you will see more and more sunshine throughout the forecast period. It may take the entire period for the sky to become less than half covered in clouds.

"Graupel"
Form of ice created when supercooled water droplets coat a falling ice crystal.

"Greenhouse Effect"
Warming of a planet caused by the absorption and re-emission of infrared energy by molecules in the atmosphere.

"Ground Fog"
A layer of fog, often less than 200 feet high, that forms when the ground cools.

"Gulf Stream"
A warm, well-defined, swift, and relatively narrow ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico across the Atlantic to the European Coast. It helps warm Western Europe.

"Gust Front"
Wind flowing out from a thunderstorm.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Hail"
Frozen rain droplets created by the updrafts of convective thunderstorms. Hail (balls of ice) is generally associated with severe thunderstorms.

"Halo"
Any of the rings or arcs of light around the sun or moon caused by ice crystal clouds.

"Hazy"
The sky will appear to be covered in a very light fog when viewed off in the distance. Haze is created when fine dust particles disperse through a portion of the atmosphere. It is generally not noticeable when observed from directly above or below. Typically, haze does not impair visibility to any great extent.

"Heat Lightning"
Glowing flash in clouds. No thunder is heard because heat lightning is too far away.

"Heavy Rain"
The sky will be overcast and the precipitation continuous, strong enough to get things wet very quickly. There may be minor flooding of storm drains and roadways if the precipitation continues for very long. Heavy rain causes reduced visibility while driving.

"High"
A short name for an area of high pressure. It is also called an anticyclone.

"Horse Latitudes"
Latitudes where sailing ships often encountered extended periods of calm winds. In this region, ship’s captains would order horses thrown overboard to preserve food and lighten the ships’ loads. The many horse carcasses seen floating on the still sea there earned the region its name.

"Humidity"
The amount of moisture in the air in the form of suspended (and often visible) water vapor.

"Humiditex"
A calculation combining air temperature and relative humidity, given in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius. It represents the heating effect felt due to a lack of body moisture evaporation, and gives the average person a "feeling" for how hot and stuffy the air is. Humiditex is given only in the summer months.

"Hurricane"
A violent storm that is made up by a tropical cyclone. A tropical cyclone: with winds of 74 mph or more.

"Hydrogen"
A gas that is the lightest chemical element. It can float balloons but it burns very easily.

"Hydrosphere"
The Earth’s water.

"Hygrometer"
An instrument that measures the humidity in the air.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Ice Age"
A geological time period during which sheets of ice cover extensive parts of the earth. A time in the Earth’s past when large areas of the world’s land were covered by thick ice. There were several ice ages, but only the last one is known as the Ice Age. This Ice Age took place during the Pleistocene epoch, from 2.5 million years to about 10,000 years ago.

"Ice Caps"
Thick sheets of ice covering large areas of land, especially in Antarctica and Greenland. Sheets like these covered much larger areas during ice ages.

"Ice Crystals"
Very fine grains of ice falling slowly to the ground. Ice crystals are formed under very cold and dry conditions when the crystals are unable to stick together and form snow. Ice crystals can reduce visibility.

"Ice Fog"
A type of fog created when water vapor condenses at very cold air temperatures. Visibility is reduced.

"Ice Pellets"
Transparent pellets of continuously falling ice. They may be (1) hard grains that rebound on a striking a hard surface, or (2) pellets of snow encased in ice. Ice pellets start as falling snow that melts and then refreezes completely before reaching the ground. They bounce and make a rattling sound on contact with the ground. They are falling drops of frozen water, also called sleet.

"Ice Pellet Showers"
Ice pellet showers are the same as ice pellets, but the precipitation is intermittent rather than continuous.

"Increasing Cloudiness"
Skies will be mostly clear, but more and more cloud cover will develop throughout the forecast period. It will not become completely overcast before the end of the forecast period.

"Insolation"
The total solar radiation received at the Earth’s surface; also, the rate of delivery of direct solar radiation per unit of horizontal surface area.

"Instability"
A general term to indicate various states of the atmosphere in which spontaneous convection will occur when prescribed criteria are met; indicative of turbulence.

"Intertropical Convergence Zone"
The area near the equator, called "The Doldrums" by sailors, where the trade winds converge.

"Inversion"
Stable air condition in which air near the ground is cooler than air at a higher altitude. An increase in temperature with height. A reversal of the normal decrease with height in the troposphere; may also be applied to other meteorological properties.

"Isobar"
A line of equal or constant barometric pressure. Lines connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure on a weather map.

"Isotherm"
Lines connecting points of equal or constant air temperatures on a weather map.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Jetstreams"
A narrow band of upper atmosphere wind with speeds greater than 57 miles per hour.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Katabatic Wind"
Any wind blowing down an incline. The same as a "gravity wind," a katabatic wind that is warm is called a "FOEHN". If it’s cold, it’s called a "fall wind," or a "BORA".

"Kilopascal"
A metric unit of air pressure. Millibars divided by 10.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Lake Effect Snow"
Cold, dry air blows over a lake (20 or more degrees warmer), the water evaporates into the colder, dry air, which rises to form turbulent clouds. Clouds then form in bands, dump heavy snow inland on the opposite side with heavy icing aloft. For example, the prevailing wind pushes moisture-laden air over colder terrain.

"La Nina"
El Nino’s unruly twin sister. Scientists call La Nina "the girl". La nina arises when trade winds return to the eastern pacific, bring to the surface of the sea deeper, colder water that replaces the abnormally warm waters of her brother El Nino.

"Latent Heat"
Energy stored when water vapor evaporates into vapor or ice melts into liquid. It’s released as heat when vapor condenses or water freezes.

"Lapse Rate"
The rate of decrease of an atmospheric variable with height; commonly refers to decrease of temperature with height.

"Lee Wave"
Any stationary wave disturbance caused by a barrier in a fluid flow. In the atmosphere when sufficient moisture is present, this wave will be evidenced by lenticular clouds to the lee of mountain barriers; also called mountain wave or standing wave.

"Lenticular Cloud"
A species of cloud whose elements have the form of more or less isolated, generally smooth lenses or almonds. These clouds appear most often in formations of orographic origin, the result of lee waves, in which case they remain nearly stationary with respect to the terrain (standing cloud), but they also occur in regions without marked orography.

"Lightning"
A visible discharge of electricity produced by a thunderstorm.

"Little Ice Age"
Period from the mid-16th century to the mid-19th century during which average global temperatures were lower than during previous and subsequent periods.

"Long Wave"
A south-to-north wave that appears in the normal west-to-east flow of upper atmosphere winds.

"Low"
A short name for an area of low pressure, or a cyclone.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Magnetic Field"
The area of force that surrounds a magnet. A magnetic field surrounds the Earth, but it is weakest at the poles.

"Mainly Clear"
The nighttime equivalent of "Mainly Sunny".

"Mainly Clear with a Chance of Showers"
The sky is expected to be less than half covered with clouds, but there still may be brief periods of precipitation, generally occurring in the early evening.

"Mainly Cloudy"
Mostly covered in clouds, possibly with brief periods of sunshine. Cloud cover will be 5/8 to 7/8.

"Mainly Cloudy with a Few Showers"
Cloud cover as for "Mainly Cloudy", with light precipitation of short duration. The showers will be short-lived, but may interfere with outdoor activity. The ground will get damp.

"Mainly Cloudy with Isolated Showers"
Cloud cover as for "Mainly Cloudy", with very light precipitation of short duration. The showers will be very short-lived and generally will not interfere with any outdoor activity. You may get a bit damp, but the shower will end quickly, and you will dry off almost immediately.

"Mainly Cloudy with Scattered Showers"
Cloud cover as for "Mainly Cloudy", with light precipitation of short duration. The showers will come and go, and generally interfere with outdoor activities. The ground will get wet.

"Mainly Sunny"
Clear, with a small area of clouds visible. Cloud cover will be between 0/8 to 2/8.

"Mainly Sunny with a Chance of Showers"
The sky is expected to be less than half covered with clouds, but there still may be brief periods of precipitation, generally occurring in the late afternoon.

"Mainly Sunny with a Chance of T-storms"
The sky is expected to be less than half covered with clouds, but there still may be brief periods of showery precipitation with thunder and lightning, generally occurring at the end of the afternoon.

"Maritime Air Mass"
An air mass that forms over an ocean, making it humid. It may be warm or cold.

"Meridional Flow"
A north to south to north flow of high altitude winds.

"Mesocyclone"
A rotating, upward-moving column of air in a thunderstorm that can spawn tornadoes.

"Mesoscale"
In meteorology, weather systems and events up to about 250 miles across.

"Meteor"
Any natural phenomena in the atmosphere.

"Meteorological Bomb"
An extratropical cyclone in which the center pressure drops an average of one millibar an hour for 24 hours. Usually refers to storms off the U.S. east coast.

"Microburst"
A downburst less than 2.5 miles in diameter. A locally, extremely high-intensity column of descending air.

"Mid Latitudes"
Region of the Earth outside the polar and tropical regions, between latitudes 23.5 degrees and 66.5 degrees.

"Millibar"
Abbreviated mb. The metric unit of air pressure measurement. An internationally used unit of pressure equal to 1,000 dynes per square centimeter. It is convenient for reporting atmospheric pressure.

"Mercury"
A silver-colored metal that is a liquid at normal temperatures. It is often used in thermometers and barometers.

"Mixed Precipitation"
Mixed precipitation is a combination of liquid and solid precipitation, and is generally continuous. The precipitation falling must either consist of rain, snow and ice pellets, or rain and ice pellets. Some freezing rain can be mixed in as well. The concentration of precipitation types falling can change throughout the forecast period and is not quantified. Visibility will be reduced and roadways can be extremely slippery. A small accumulation of snow and/or ice pellets can be expected, depending on the proportion of solid to liquid precipitation.

"Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate"
The rate at which rising air cools or air warms when water is changing phases in the air. The rate varies.

"Monsoon"
A wind that changes direction according to the season. Persistent, widespread, seasonable winds from the ocean bring rain, while winter winds from the land are dry. Also, the rains that it brings to parts of the world in summer.

"Mountain Wave"
Up and down air motions created as wind flows over mountains. The standing wave or lee wave to the lee of a mountain barrier.

"Mountain Winds"
Winds that blow either up or down mountains, caused by different rates of heating and cooling of mountaintops and valleys.

"Multi Cell Storms"
Thunderstorms consisting of clusters of single-cell thunderstorms.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"National Climatic Data Center"
Also known as NCDC. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration office in Ashville, North Carolina, keeps climate records.

"National Huricane Center"
Also known as NHC. National Weather Service office in Coral Gables, Florida, tracks and forecasts hurricanes and other weather in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and parts of the Pacific.

"National Meteorological Center"
Also known as NMC. National Weather Service center in Camp Springs, Maryland, prepares worldwide computer forecasts. Hurricane and Severe Storms centers are part of NMC.

"National Severe Storms Forecast Center"
National Weather Service center on Kansas City, Missouri, issues watches for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the nation.

"National Severe Storms Laboratory"
Also known as NSSL. national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma, studies severe thunderstorms.

"National Weather Service"
Federal agency observes and forecasts weather. Formerly the U.S. Weather Bureau. It’s part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is part of the Department of Commerce.

"Neap Tides"
Tides at the moon’s first and third quarters, characterized by a small rise and fall.

"NexRad"
Next generation Weather Radar System. Installed in the 1990’s by the National Weather Service, the Defense Department, and the Federal Aviation Administration.

"Nimbostraus"
A principal cloud type, grey colored, often dark, the appearance of which is rendered diffuse by more or less continuously falling rain or snow, which in most cases reaches the ground. It is thick enough throughout to blot out the sun.

"Numerical Forecasting or Prediction"
Use of computers to solve mathematical equations and produce weather forecasts.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Observatory"
A place or building where people study the stars and planets. Observatories of today use cameras linked with high-powered tracking telescopes.

"Obscuration"
Denotes sky hidden by surface-based obscuring phenomena and vertical visibility restricted overhead.

"Occluded Front"
Also commonly called Occlusion, or Frontal Occlusion. A composite of two fronts as a cold front overtakes a warm front or quasi-stationary front.

"One-Hundred-(100)-Year-Floods"
Water levels that, on average, should occur once a century. This is the same as a water level with a 100 to 1 chance of occurring in any single year.

"Orographic"
Of, pertaining to, or caused by mountains as in orographic clouds, orographic lift, or orographic precipitation.

"Overcast"
Totally covered with clouds, with clear skies not visible. Cloud cover will be 8/8.

"Ozone"
Form of oxygen with molecules that consist of three oxygen atoms compared to two atoms for ordinary oxygen molecules.

"Ozone Hole"
The destruction of about 40 percent of the ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica each spring.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Partial Clearing"
Most of the sky will be covered in clouds, but you will see more and more sunshine throughout the forecast period. It will take longer than the forecast period for the sky to become less than half covered in clouds.

"Partly Cloudy"
Clouds dominant, with little clear sky showing. Cloud cover will be between 3/8 and 4/8.

"Perigean Spring Tides"
Unusually high tides caused by the Earth and moon being at their nearest approach to each other, at the same time the Earth, sun and moon are in a nearly straight line.

"Phase Changes"
Changes of a substance among solid, liquid and gas forms.

"POES Satellite"
Polar Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite. These satellites orbit along north-south tracks at nominal altitudes of approximately 530 statute miles. This is a comparatively low orbiting altitude, but it allows greater resolution of the weather features below, and better remote sensing of atmospheric soundings. POES satellite measure in the visible, infrared, water vapor, and various radiometric spectra, one of which is used to make ozone measurements. POES satellites also contain SARSAT (Search And Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking) equipment, which allows them to locate and relay emergency locater transmitter (ELT) and other emergency broadcasts from pilots and mariners in distress. Two POES satellites make 14 orbits each per day. This provides nearly complete coverage of the Earth below.

"Polar Front"
The semi permanent, semi continuous front separating air masses of tropical and polar origins.

"Polar Regions"
Regions of the Earth north of 66.5 degrees north latitude around the North Pole, and south of 66.5 degrees south latitude around the South Pole.

"Polar Vortex"
Strong, winter, upper-atmosphere winds around the polar regions.

"Precipitation"
Any form of water in the form of droplets or ice that falls to the Earth, whether as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

"Precipitation Fog"
Fog that forms when precipitation falls into cold air.

"Pre-Frontal Squall Lines"
Lines of thunderstorms ahead of an advancing cold front.

"Pressure Gradient Force"
Force acting on air caused by air pressure differences.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Quasi-Stationary Front"
Also known as and commonly called Stationary Front. A front which is stationary or nearly so; conventionally, a front which is moving at a speed of less than 5 knots is generally considered to be quasi-stationary.

Glossary courtesy of The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

"Radar"
A device that bounces radio waves off an object in order to measure the distance to it and to keep track of its movements.

"Radiation"
The flow of particles and rays, such as light and radio waves. It also means the energy released from an atom.

"Radiation Fog"
Fog characteristically resulting when traditional cooling of the Earth’s surface lowers the air temperature near the ground to or below its initial dew point on calm, clear nights.

"Rain"
Precipitation that reaches the Earth as large droplets. It may begin as smaller droplets high in the sky, but as the droplets fall, they intermingle and combine to become larger droplets. We classify rain by the amount that falls and by the results of the free-fall mixing action, describing rain as light, moderate, or heavy.

"Rain Forests"
Forests growing in tropical areas that have heavy rainfall.

"Rainbow"
Arc or circle of colored light caused by the refraction and reflection of light by water droplets.

"Rain Gauge"
An instrument that collects precipitation, enabling weather observers to measure the amount.

"Rain and Snow"
A mix of both rain and snow is expected for the forecast period. The precipitation will be continuous. The concentration of rain and snow can change throughout the forecast period and is not quantified. Small accumulations of snow can sometimes occur depending on the proportion of snow to rain. Visibility will be reduced and roadways can be very slippery.

"Rain and Snow Mixed"
A mixture of snow and rain. The proportion of snow to rain is not quantified.

"Rain Changing to Snow"
At the beginning of the forecast period, the precipitation will start as rain, then completely change over to snow by the end of the forecast period. There may be a brief period of freezing rain and/or ice pellets during the transition. The precipitation will be continuous throughout the forecast period. Visibility will be reduced and roadways will begin to ice over as the temperature drops and the precipitation changes to snow, resulting in very slippery roads and dangerous driving conditions.

"Rain or Snow"
The type of precipitation expected to fall will be either rain or snow throughout the forecast period. The precipitation will be continuous. If the precipitation is snow, accumulations can be significant, visibility will be reduced and roadways can be slippery.

"Rain Showers"
Intermittently falling rain, generally short-lived.

"RDF"
Rain Drop Frequency, a term used in radar weather summaries.

"Relative Humidity"
The ratio between the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold, at a given temperature and pressure. This is expressed as a percentage.

S - Z

The complete 'A-Z' glossary of weather (meteorological) terms, is available online.

The "Wx-Course" Pro; Online Product #0017.

Independent Self-Study for the professional meteorologist, flight dispatcher or airline pilot.

Thank you for visiting us! Please come again.

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ABOUT "THE WEATHER CENTER"
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OFFICIAL NOTICE:

THE WEATHER FORECAST INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OVER (NWS) SHOULD NOT BE RELIED ON IN LIEU OF OFFICIALLY DISSEMINATED WEATHER FORECASTS AND WARNINGS.

DATA DISTRIBUTION VIA THE INTERNET IS NOT YET CONSIDERED AN OPERATIONAL DELIVERY MECHANISM BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE HERE SHALL NOT BE USED FOR FLIGHT PLANNING OR OTHER OPERATIONAL PURPOSES.

AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM IS OWNED AND OPERATED BY "THE WEATHER CENTER," A SERVICE OF AVIATION WEATHER, INCORPORATED.

THIS WEB SITE IS MAINTAINED BY THE DATA PROCESSING DEPARTMENT OF "THE WEATHER CENTER," A SERVICE OF AVIATION WEATHER, INC. WHICH IS A DIVISION OF AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM.

PLEASE READ THE 'TERMS & CONDITIONS' (LISTED ABOVE IN BOTH SECTIONS) CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THE SITE

SA 0950 -X 200 SCT 21/2F 173/51/51/2105/004/F3 tm

"THE WEATHER CENTER":

"THE WEATHER CENTER" IS A SERVICE OF AVIATION WEATHER, INCORPORATED. ALTHOUGH SPECIALIZING TO THE AVIATION COMMUNITY WITH FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND PILOT WEATHER BRIEFINGS, WE ARE FRESH AND NEW WITH METEOROLOGISTS-ON-HAND AND SUPPORT-STAFF ABROAD.

"THE WEATHER CENTER" PROVIDES ACCURATE, SITE-SPECIFIC FORECASTS FOR ANY LOCATION IN NORTH AMERICA, AND MANY LOCATIONS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.

COMPREHENSIVE WEATHER REPORTS COMPILED, PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY A PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR MAJOR BUSINESS, RADIO & TV BROADCASTS VIA ISDN FEED, ELECTRONIC PRINT / MEDIA, MOTION PICTURES, GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND MORE.

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CONTACT US DIRECTLY VIA E-MAIL AT: WXCENTER@AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM OR WXCENTER@AOL.COM TODAY !!

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A GALAXY OF SERVICES:

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WE CAN HANDLE IT ALL UNDER ONE ROOF !

AFFILIATE AND CUSTOMER RELATIONS ARE A BIG PRIORITY AT "THE WEATHER CENTER". FROM GETTING YOUR PROJECT DONE ON SCHEDULE AND ON-BUDGET, TO ENSURING YOUR PROJECT COMFORTS ALONG THE WAY, WE'LL WORK TO MAKE SURE YOUR EXPERIENCE IS A POSITIVE ONE.

"THE WEATHER CENTER" CAN BE SEEN AND HEARD 24 HOURS PER DAY, 7 DAYS A WEEK THROUGHOUT THE NATION AND BEYOND.

IT'S THE DIRECT ROUTE TO A POWERFUL AUDIENCE IN TV CABLE, AM-FM RADIO, CABLE FM SERVICES ON AFFILIATED CABLE SYSTEMS' PROGRAM CHANNELS, CLASSIFIED AD CHANNELS AND LOCAL INFORMATION CHANNELS, MUSIC-ON-HOLD SERVICES, SATELLITE INCLUDING REAL-AUDIO & VIDEO FORMAT OVER THE INTERNET.

YOUR CLIENTS WILL BE SEEN AND HEARD. PERIOD.

"THE WEATHER CENTER" GIVES YOU THE POWER TO TAP INTO THE LARGEST BROADCAST MARKETS IN THE COUNTRY, AND THEN SOME !

THE DIRECT ROUTE COVERING ALL OF NEW JERSEY / NEW YORK CITY METRO AREA AND BEYOND.

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ONLINE WEATHER SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES:

IF YOU ARE A "REGISTERED USERS" OF THIS SITE AND WEATHER DATABASE, THEN YOU MAY CLICK ENTER YOUR "USERNAME" AND "PASSWORD" ... THEN CLICK ON THE SUBMIT BUTTON.

IF YOU ARE NOT A "REGISTERED USER" AND WOULD LIKE TO SEE INSIDE OUR WEATHER DATABASE, YOU MAY DO SO, BUT PLEASE KEEP IN MIND, THAT MANY OF THE FIELDS OF WEATHER INFORMATION AND SUCH WILL NOT FULLY DISPLAY, AS THEY DO FOR OUR ONLINE WEATHER "REGISTERED USERS." ALSO, YOU WILL HAVE ONLY "LIMITED ACCESS" TO THE ACTUAL WEATHER DATABASE.

THE BENEFITS OF OUR ONLINE SUBSCRIBTION COME AS LOW AS $4.95 PER MONTH FOR A MONTHLY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SIGN-UP FOR A FULL YEAR FOR JUST $39.95 AND SAVE 32%. THAT'S ONLY 11¢ A DAY !!

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INDIVIDUALIZED WEATHER SERVICES ARE PROVIDED FOR EACH CUSTOMER'S WEATHER-SENSITIVE NEEDS WITH REAL-TIME RADAR AND SATELLITE CAPABILITIES.

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DEMOGRAPHICS & COVERAGE AREA:

IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR A POWERFUL AUDIENCE FOR YOUR PRODUCT OR SERVICES THEN YOU HAVE JUST OPENED THE DOOR TO PLACE YOUR 'MESSAGE' IN A TARGETED, CREDIBLE ENVIRONMENT WHERE -MILLIONS- OF LOYAL CONSUMERS CAN BE REACHED IN A COST-EFFECTIVE MANNER ..... WITH ONE MEDIA BUY !

"THE WEATHER CENTER" PROVIDES 24 HOURS PER DAY, 7 DAYS A WEEK "ON-AIR" RADIO DELIVERY TO SEVERAL HUNDRED RADIO STATIONS AND AFFILIATES NATIONWIDE, VIRTUALLY ALL MAJOR RADIO MARKETS. NOTE: SOME CITIES HAVE MORE THAN ONE AFFILIATE.

PLUS UNIQUE IN-STORE RADIO STATIONS (2.5 MILLION SHOPPERS PER WEEK IN EACH MARKET ALONE) TO THE DELIGHT OF FOOD STORE CUSTOMERS, EMPLOYEES AND SHAREHOLDERS THAT CAN BE HEARD EVERY DAY FROM 5AM UNTIL MIDNIGHT IN EVERY STORE IN MOST STATES ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

RESEARCH SHOWS THE POSITIVE IMPACT THAT APPEAL TO IN-STORE CUSTOMERS !

INCLUDING 'LIVE' BROADCASTS OVER THE INTERNET WITH REAL-AUDIO & REAL-VIDEO FORMAT ON MORE THAN A DOZEN OUTLETS !

OUR LISTENERS ARE THE LARGEST GROUP OF RESPECTED BUSINESS, FINANCIAL AND UPSCALE, TOP MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONALS WITH SOME BUSINESS INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS VALUED OVER $200,000.

IN FACT, THE MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF "THE WEATHER CENTER'S" LISTENERS IS $50,000.

THE MOST COMPLETE WAY TO REACH THE NEW JERSEY / NEW YORK CITY METRO AREA AND BEYOND.

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NATIONAL RADIO SPONSORSHIPS - RATE CARD:

AS OUR 'BROADCAST SPONSOR' ..... YOUR 'MESSAGE' WILL REACH YOUR TARGET CUSTOMER OF WELL-EDUCATED AFFLUENT PURCHASERS OF GOODS AND SERVICES !

AFFORDABLE RATES WHILE DELIVERING TO THE BEST AUDIENCE, IN THE LARGEST RADIO BROADCAST MARKETS ACROSS THE U.S.A. AND MILLIONS OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING CABLE TELEVISION & INTERNET ACCESS.

PER :30 SECOND BUY - RADIO SPONSORSHIPS - NET RATE AS FOLLOWS.

DAY TIME ..... (5AM - 5PM) ..... $425.00 PER SPOT.
NIGHT TIME ..... (5PM - 5AM) ..... $350.00 PER SPOT.

ALL :30 SPOTS PER 'RUN-OF-SCHEDULE' (ROS).

PACKAGE PRICES CAN VARY BASED ON 26 OR 52 WEEK CONTRACTS AND ARE NEGOTIABLE. COST OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION IS ABSOLUTELY COMPLIMENTARY. OUR FULL-SERVICE PRODUCTION TEAM IS READY TO ASSIST YOU FROM START TO FINISH !

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT YOUR ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE AT "THE WEATHER CENTER," A SERVICE OF AVIATION WEATHER, INC. AT: (917) 372-5426. ITEX MEMBERS WELCOME.

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INTERNET ADVERTISING - RATE CARD:

HOME PAGE ADVERTISING: (6 MONTH MINIMUM REQUIRED) $250.00 PER MONTH. DIMENSIONS: 260 X 35 PIXELS, MAXIMUM IMAGE SIZE.

SCROLLING RED LINE LISTING ON WEATHER / BROADCAST PAGE: $99.00 PER MONTH. (3 MONTH MINIMUM REQUIRED). FULL COMPANY NAME, CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE, WEB-SITE ADDRESS INCLUDED. EVERY NEW CUSTOMER RECEIVES LEAD SPOT FOR ONE WEEK ON WEATHER PAGE / BROADCAST PAGE.

ADVERTISING ON CLIENT'S HOME PAGE DURING 'LIVE' WEATHER BROADCASTS: (6 MONTH MINIMUM REQUIRED) $500.00 PER MONTH. DIMENSIONS: 260 X 35 PIXELS, MAXIMUM IMAGE SIZE. PACKAGES ARE AVAILABLE IN CONJUNCTION WITH 'ON-AIR' :30 SECOND SPOTS.

ALL OTHER PAGES EXCEPT FOR THE HOME PAGE: (3 MONTH MINIMUM REQUIRED) ONE AD VALUED AT $125.00 PER MONTH, TWO ADS VALUED AT $237.50 PER MONTH, THREE ADS VALUED AT $337.50 PER MONTH, FOUR ADS VALUED AT $412.50 PER MONTH, FIVE ADS VALUED AT $512.50 PER MONTH.

THE AD SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE ABOVE PARAGRAPH, ARE AS FOLLOWS. DIMENSIONS: 400 X 45 (HORIZONTAL ONLY), MAXIMUM IMAGE SIZE: 9K, MAXIMUM COLOR PALETTE: 32 COLORS, ANIMATION: 4 FRAME MAXIMUM.

THERE IS A ONE-TIME FEE OF: $150.00 TO CREATE ANY BANNER ADVERTISEMENT. MULTIPLE OTHER WEB-SITES INCLUDED. ITEX MEMBERS WELCOME.

CONTACT US DIRECTLY VIA E-MAIL AT: WXCENTER@AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM OR WXCENTER@AOL.COM TODAY !!

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MEDIA BUYER'S GUIDE:

PARTNER EQUALS ADVERTISER ? WHEN YOUR COMPANY ADVERTISES ON AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM, WE FEEL YOU BECOME PART OF OUR SITE AND OUR "PARTNER". THIS ENABLES YOUR COMPANY TO REAP THE BENEFITS OF A REASONABLY PRICED SOLUTION ON A LARGE, WELL TRAVELED, INTERNET SITE. WE OFFER COMPETITIVE AD RATES AND PICK OUR ADVERTISERS CAREFULLY TO BE SURE OF A GOOD FIT BETWEEN OUR VIEWERS AND THE ADVERTISERS THEY WILL SEE AT OUR SITE. WHEN WE ACCEPT YOUR COMPANY AS AN ADVERTISER, WE WANT YOU TO FEEL THAT YOUR AD DOLLARS ARE BEING SPENT IN THE BEST WAY POSSIBLE AND THAT YOUR PARTNERSHIP WITH AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM IS A PROFITABLE ONE.

OUR VISITORS RARELY JUST WANDER BY. MANY PEOPLE VISIT US EVERY DAY TO RECEIVE THE BEST WEATHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET. THEY OFTEN USE OUR PAGES AS THEIR START PAGE, AND THEY CHECK WITH US SEVERAL TIMES A DAY TO SEE WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH THE WEATHER. THEY PUT OUR GRAPHICS ON THEIR SITES AND RECOMMEND US TO THEIR FRIENDS. AS AN ADVERTISER, YOU KNOW HOW IMPORTANT A GREAT RELATIONSHIP IS WITH YOUR CLIENTS. WE WELCOME YOUR ADVERTISEMENT ON OUR SITE AND WITH A HIGH "CLICK THROUGH," MANY OF OUR VISITORS WILL AS WELL.

SITE DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION, AS FOLLOWS:

GENDER PERCENT MALE: 65 %.
PERCENT FEMALE: 35 %.
AGE PERCENT UNDER 18: 10 %.
PERCENT 18 TO 24: 24 %.
PERCENT 25 TO 34: 26 %.
PERCENT 35 TO 44: 17 %
PERCENT 45 TO 54: 14 %.
PERCENT 55+: 9 %.
PERCENT HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF 1: 17 %.
PERCENT HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF 2: 41 %.
PERCENT HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF 3 TO 4: 34 %.
PERCENT HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF 4+: 8 %.
HOUSEHOLD INCOME PERCENT UNDER 15K: 6 %.
PERCENT 15K TO 30K: 18 %.
PERCENT 31K TO 45K: 25 %.
PERCENT 46K TO 60K: 24 %.
PERCENT 61K TO 75K: 11 %.
PERCENT 76K TO 90K: 7 %.
PERCENT 90K TO 100K: 4 %.
PERCENT 100K+: 5 %.
EDUCATION LEVEL PERCENT SOME HIGH SCHOOL: 8 %.
PERCENT GRADUATED HIGH- SCHOOL: 28 %.
PERCENT SOME COLLEGE: 16 %.
PERCENT GRADUATED COLLEGE: 38 %.
PERCENT ADDITIONAL GRADUATE DEGREES: 10 %.
SITE TRAFFIC INFORMATION INTERNET EXPLORER: 60 %.
NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR: 35 %.
OTHER: 5 %.
OPERATING TYPE WINDOWS NT: 17 %.
WINDOWS 95 OR HIGHER: 55 %.
WINDOWS 3.1 AND LOWER: 10 %.
MACINTOSH: 8 %.
OTHER: 10 %
DOMAIN TYPE .COM: 42 %.
DOMAIN TYPE .EDU: 5 %.
DOMAIN TYPE .NET: 44 %.
DOMAIN TYPE .MIL: 3 %.
DOMAIN TYPE .CC: 3 %.
DOMAIN TYPE OTHER: 1 %.

VOLUME AND CONTINUITY DISCOUNTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR ALL ADVERTISING. A 15% PERCENT COMMISSION IS AWARDED TO QUALIFIED AGENCIES.

DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT PARTNERING WITH AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM OR ARE READY TO START A CAMPAIGN ? FEEL FREE TO CONTACT US AT "THE WEATHER CENTER," A SERVICE OF AVIATION WEATHER, INC. VIA E-MAIL: WXCENTER @ AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM OR CALL: 917-372-5426 FOR PROMPT SERVICE.

AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM RESERVES THE RIGHT TO REFUSE ANY ADVERTISING DEEMED INAPPROPRIATE. ALL RATES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE AND MAY OR MAY NOT BE REFLECTED ON THIS PAGE.

CONTACT US DIRECTLY VIA E-MAIL AT: WXCENTER@AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM OR WXCENTER@AOL.COM TODAY !!

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RADIO, TV WEATHER & INTERNET BROADCASTS:

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WE OFFER FAXED HARD-COPY, E-MAIL, VOICEMAIL AND FAX / MODEM FORECASTS, AS WELL AS 'LIVE' FORECASTS VIA PHONE OR ISDN FEED. IT'S LIKE HAVING YOUR OWN STAFF OF (AFTRA & SAG) METEOROLOGISTS !

AUTHORIZED PASSCODE: 604-321. E-MAIL US FOR THE SEQUENCE TO A FREE TWO-MINUTE WEATHER BROADCAST SAMPLE THAT CAN BE HEARD FROM ANY HOME PHONE OR OFFICE SPEAKERPHONE DAY OR NIGHT !

"THE WEATHER CENTER" BROADCASTING SERVICE APPEALS TO SPONSORS AND HELPS YOU ATTRACT AND RETAIN A LOYAL AUDIENCE. WE OFFER BROADCAST SAMPLES ON OUR 'WEATHER BROADCAST' PAGE(S). PLEASE TAKE A LISTEN SOMETIME SOON.

ALL YOUR WEATHER NEEDS AT VERY REASONABLE RATES OF CASH OR BARTER. ITEX MEMBERS WELCOME.

CONTACT US DIRECTLY VIA E-MAIL AT: WXCENTER@AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM OR WXCENTER@AOL.COM TODAY !!

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WEATHER TEXTBOOK(S) & REFERENCE GUIDE(S):

"ONLINE" WEATHER LESSONS !

READING THE WEATHER ... "UNDERSTANDING THE WEATHER: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE" OVER THE NET FOR THE BEGINNER PILOT OR WEATHER ENTHUSIAST.

TODAY, YOU HAVE IMMEDIATE ACCESS TO UNPRECEDENTED AMOUNTS OF WEATHER INFORMATION.

YOU MUST HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE ELEMENTS OF WEATHER -- THE PRINCIPLES OF AVIATION WEATHER, INC.

WELL, EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT THE WEATHER, WE HEAR OR READ ABOUT IT EVERYDAY -- BUT FEW PEOPLE UNDERSTAND IT.

METEOROLOGY IS BASED ON MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS, BUT YOU WON'T FIND MUCH EQUATIONS AND LAWS OF PHYSICS IN THIS E-MAIL BROADCAST OR TEXT VERSION !!

THIS IS AN INTRODUCTION TO TODAY'S WEATHER: A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE OF SORT OF GENERAL TEXT OF BASIC WEATHER PROCESSES THROUGH WEATHER'S IMPACT, TERRAIN EFFECTS ON WEATHER, AND WIND-UP WITH SOME UNDERSTANDING OF PILOT WEATHER BRIEFINGS, TOO -- FROM A PILOT'S AND FLIGHT DISPATCHER'S POINT OF VIEW, OF COURSE.

IF YOU HAVE AN INTEREST IN EITHER FLYING, AVIATION WEATHER OR JUST PLAIN METEOROLOGY, THEN "UNDERSTANDING THE WEATHER: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE" IN REALAUDIO IS A GOOD PLACE TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND 'HIGHS' AND 'LOWS,' 'JETSTREAMS' AND 'DEW POINTS' AND HOW THE 'WIND' BLOWS.

THE WRITTEN 'TEXT' IS AVAILABLE IN A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, SUCH AS: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH.

THE E-MAIL ATTACHMENT IN REALAUDIO, IS ONLY IN ENGLISH. OTHER LANGUAGES SHALL BE RECORDED AND BE MADE AVAILABLE IN THE NEAR FUTURE.

$20 LESSONS FROM AVIATIONWEATHERINC.COM !

ONLINE PRODUCT #0021.